Introduction
Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) is the third most common synthetic polymer after polyethylene (PE) and polypropylene (PP). PVC is a lightweight plastic that is used in the construction. Addition of lubricants makes this material softer and more flexible than plastics. If no lubricants or plasticizers are added to it, the resulting material is known as UPVC (unplasticized polyvinyl chloride). UPVC has high chemical resistance across its working temperature range, with a wide range of operating pressures. Due to some features including long-term strength, high stiffness and affordability, UPVC systems are widely used in plastic fittings and pipes. It has been demonstrated that the addition of nanoparticles significantly improves the strength and stiffness of UPVC.
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