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Structural lightweight concrete has an in-place density on the order of 1400 to 1900 kg/m3 compared to normal-weight concrete with a density in the in the range of 2000 to 2400 kg/m3. For structural applications, the concrete strength should be greater than 17 MPa. The concrete mixture is made with lightweight coarse aggregate. In some cases, a portion or the entire fine aggregate may be a lightweight product. Lightweight aggregates used in structural lightweight concrete are typically expanded shale, clay or slate materials that have been fired in a rotary kiln to develop a porous structure.
Rainwater pipes are used to transfer the rain and snow water from roof of the buildings. Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) is kind of useful plastics in construction and buildings. By adding lubricants, this material will become softer and more flexible than plastics. If no lubricant and plasticizer is added, UPVC is obtained. Chemical resistance of this polymer makes it interesting for a variety of industries especially pipe industry. Usage of UPVC includes sewer pipelines, water mains and potable water services, power and telecommunication cables. These pipes are supposed to have chemical and corrosion resistance, high elasticity module and toughness, long term tensile strength and abrasion resistance, but they may become brittle exposed to cold atmosphere. In addition, they tend to deform and lose their strength in high temperature conditions. These pipes have been given better properties by addition of nanoparticles.
Sulfur compounds are one of the main pollutants of the air and chemical processes which damage human health, water resources, catalysts and other devices. Removing sulfur compounds is one of the main processes in fossil fuel applications. Various inorganic sorbents are used to remove H2S in such applications. Among sorbents, zinc oxide is one of the most important sorbents for removal of H2S at moderate temperatures. This advantage is due to the fact that the thermodynamics of the ZnO-H2S reaction is more favorable than other desulfurizing sorbents and also has a higher sulfur absorption capability. Nanotechnology, relying on its unique features, has improved the performance and properties of the products.
This product is zinc oxide/polypropylene nanocomposite fibers, which due to the presence of zinc oxide nanoparticles show antibacterial properties. The use of zinc oxide nanoparticles in destroying the bacteria has considerable applications. Due to the presence of zinc oxide nanoparticles inside the polymeric network of the yarn, the rate of releasing nanoparticle is very low; so the long-term antibacterial effect of this product is considerable.
Concrete is unique in construction and it is only an exclusive product for trading; so it involves a significant share of research and development, and income in the industry to itself. Concrete, a multi-phase, complex and nanostructured material, is a composite structure mainly composed of cement and water. Nanoscience and nanoengineering of concrete are phrases which describe two essential approaches regarding the application of nanotechnology in concrete. Up to now, concrete has been primarily known as a structural material. Nanotechnology is capable of making a multi-functional material from concrete. Concrete can be nanoengineered by incorporating nanoscale building blocks, nanoparticles, nanotubes, etc.
Catalytic reforming is a major conversion process in petroleum refinery which converts low octane naphthas into higher octane reformate products for gasoline blending and aromatic rich reformate for aromatic production. To perform the process correctly and efficiently, as well as to prevent coke making, the process structure and catalyst must be selected optimally. The efficient structure of the reforming reactors is continues catalytic reforming (CCR). In this process the catalyst is key component. The γ–alumina based catalyst is amongst the catalysts that has a long history in catalytic reforming. In naphtha reforming, γ–alumina is responsible for acidic interactions; moreover, the dehydrogenation reactions are performed by some metals which are impregnated to the catalyst. Therefore, alumina-based catalyst is a very suitable candidate for catalytic reforming.
More efficient heat transfer systems are increasingly preferred because of the accelerating miniaturization, on the one hand, and the ever-increasing heat flux, on the other hand. The poor heat transfer properties of the common fluids like water compared to most solids is a primary obstacle to the high compactness and effectiveness of heat exchangers. Passive enhancement methods such as enhanced surfaces are often employed in thermo-fluid systems. Therefore, the development of advanced heat transfer fluids with higher thermal conductivity and improved heat transfer is in strong demand. Nanofluids are heat transfer liquids with dispersed nanoparticles. The effectiveness of heat transfer enhancement has been found to be dependent on the amount of dispersed particle, material type, particle shape, etc.
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