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Catalytic reforming is a major conversion process in petroleum refinery which converts low octane naphthas into higher octane reformate products for gasoline blending and aromatic rich reformate for aromatic production. To perform the process correctly and efficiently, as well as to prevent coke making, the process structure and catalyst must be selected optimally. The efficient structure of the reforming reactors is continues catalytic reforming (CCR). In this process the catalyst is key component. The γ–alumina based catalyst is amongst the catalysts that has a long history in catalytic reforming. In naphtha reforming, γ–alumina is responsible for acidic interactions; moreover, the dehydrogenation reactions are performed by some metals which are impregnated to the catalyst. Therefore, alumina-based catalyst is a very suitable candidate for catalytic reforming.
Nanoporous alumina has a large specific surface area which facilitates reactions. Furthermore, the catalyst is impregnated with nanoparticles which create more available surface for reforming reactions.
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Structural lightweight concrete has an in-place density on the order of 1400 to 1900 kg/m3 compared to normal-weight concrete with a density in the in the range of 2000 to 2400 kg/m3. For structural applications, the concrete strength should be greater than 17 MPa. The concrete mixture is made with lightweight coarse aggregate. In some cases, a portion or the entire fine aggregate may be a lightweight product. Lightweight aggregates used in structural lightweight concrete are typically expanded shale, clay or slate materials that have been fired in a rotary kiln to develop a porous structure.
The design of the facade is of great importance in every building, because it is the first part of the building to be exposed, and it will be very effective in creating the initial mentality of someone who enters the building. The use of special designs and colors in interior and exterior decoration is welcomed by manufacturers and buyers. One of the more recent designs is the use of golden elements made of stainless steel with TiN golden coatings. These ceramic coatings, in addition to the strength and mechanical properties, provide good corrosion resistance. There are different methods to apply TiN coatings on substrates. Arc-PVD is a kind of physical vapor deposition technique in which an electric arc is used to vaporize material from a cathode target. The vaporized material then condenses on a substrate and forms a thin film.
Rainwater pipes are used to transfer the rain and snow water from roof of the buildings. Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) is kind of useful plastics in construction and buildings. By adding lubricants, this material will become softer and more flexible than plastics. If no lubricant and plasticizer is added, UPVC is obtained. Chemical resistance of this polymer makes it interesting for a variety of industries especially pipe industry. Usage of UPVC includes sewer pipelines, water mains and potable water services, power and telecommunication cables. These pipes are supposed to have chemical and corrosion resistance, high elasticity module and toughness, long term tensile strength and abrasion resistance, but they may become brittle exposed to cold atmosphere. In addition, they tend to deform and lose their strength in high temperature conditions. These pipes have been given better properties by addition of nanoparticles.
Ceramic tiles due to having excellent chemical stability, as well as good appearance are widely used in different places such as hospitals and buildings. normally, the microorganisms reproduce easily on the ceramic tile surface, especially in wet environment. The silver-titanium nanocomposite particles have an antibacterial effect which can kill more than 650 different types of bacteria and they are not harmful to the environment and the human body. The silver-titanium nanocomposite particles along with silver ions in the ceramic glaze, penetrate the cell walls of bacteria and microorganisms and prevent their growth and reproduction. These nanoparticles can be mixed with ceramic glaze as an additive.
Concrete is unique in construction and it is only an exclusive product for trading; so it involves a significant share of research and development, and income in the industry to itself. Concrete, a multi-phase, complex and nanostructured material, is a composite structure mainly composed of cement and water. Nanoscience and nanoengineering of concrete are phrases which describe two essential approaches regarding the application of nanotechnology in concrete. Up to now, concrete has been primarily known as a structural material. Nanotechnology is capable of making a multi-functional material from concrete. Concrete can be nanoengineered by incorporating nanoscale building blocks, nanoparticles, nanotubes, etc.
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