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Oxides of sulfur and nitrogen are the main air pollutants that are also responsible for acid rain. Excessive sulfur content in petroleum fractions such as naphtha, in addition to causing air pollutants, can corrode tanks, reactors, pipes and fittings. Currently desulfurization is carried out using desulphurization catalysts adjacent to hydrogen; thus at a certain temperature and pressure, as well as a specific proportion of hydrogen, sulfur atoms convert to hydrogen sulfide. Catalysts based on γ–alumina are commonly used for desulphurization. Alumina has various applications including ceramic membranes, paints, refinery and chemical catalysts, pollution control and base catalyst. The mesoporous γ–alumina with pore diameter in the range of 2 to 50 nm due to its high specific surface area, high porosity, good thermal stability and suitable pore distribution is used as the most common base catalyst in desulphurization.
Refinery and chemical catalysts
Pollution control
Mesoporous materials have a large surface area-to-volume ratio compared with bulk materials. The large specific surface area of nanopores generated in the catalyst increases the catalytic activity.
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Concrete is unique in construction and it is only an exclusive product for trading; so it involves a significant share of research and development, and income in the industry to itself. Concrete, a multi-phase, complex and nanostructured material, is a composite structure mainly composed of cement and water. Nanoscience and nanoengineering of concrete are phrases which describe two essential approaches regarding the application of nanotechnology in concrete. Up to now, concrete has been primarily known as a structural material. Nanotechnology is capable of making a multi-functional material from concrete. Concrete can be nanoengineered by incorporating nanoscale building blocks, nanoparticles, nanotubes, etc.
This product is unplasticized polyvinyl chloride (UPVC) nanocomposite profile containing nanoparticles. UPVC is among the widely used polymers in building construction which is the more suitable option compared to metal and wooden profiles due to features such as high durability and performance, easy formability, low thermal expansion, prevention of the energy loss and non-flammability. However, the brittleness and loss of color during exposure to UV radiation are some disadvantages of these profiles. as a solution, nanomaterials are added to the UPVC which improve the impact strength of the product.
Rainwater pipes are used to transfer the rain and snow water from roof of the buildings. Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) is kind of useful plastics in construction and buildings. By adding lubricants, this material will become softer and more flexible than plastics. If no lubricant and plasticizer is added, UPVC is obtained. Chemical resistance of this polymer makes it interesting for a variety of industries especially pipe industry. Usage of UPVC includes sewer pipelines, water mains and potable water services, power and telecommunication cables. These pipes are supposed to have chemical and corrosion resistance, high elasticity module and toughness, long term tensile strength and abrasion resistance, but they may become brittle exposed to cold atmosphere. In addition, they tend to deform and lose their strength in high temperature conditions. These pipes have been given better properties by addition of nanoparticles.
Sulfur compounds are one of the main pollutants of the air and chemical processes which damage human health, water resources, catalysts and other devices. Removing sulfur compounds is one of the main processes in fossil fuel applications. Various inorganic sorbents are used to remove H2S in such applications. Among sorbents, zinc oxide is one of the most important sorbents for removal of H2S at moderate temperatures. This advantage is due to the fact that the thermodynamics of the ZnO-H2S reaction is more favorable than other desulfurizing sorbents and also has a higher sulfur absorption capability. Nanotechnology, relying on its unique features, has improved the performance and properties of the products.
When using public restrooms, people are often worried about sanitary issues and their related illnesses. People are often sensitive to this issue, so they take special care when using and touching the equipment. Genital infections, fungal infections, skin sensitization and infectious, and microbial diseases are one of the most common causes of these bacteria. This product is an antibacterial squat toilet containing zinc oxide nanoparticles. The antibacterial toilet has surfaces which are resistant to bacterial growth. Sanitary products like wash basin are coated with materials which remove hazardous microorganisms, such as bacteria, viruses, fungi and other germs. In comparison with other metal oxides, the application of zinc oxide in biomedical and antiviral fields is due to its compatibility, solubility in alkaline environments, and terminated polar surfaces.
Ceramic tiles due to having excellent chemical stability, as well as good appearance are widely used in different places such as hospitals and buildings. normally, the microorganisms reproduce easily on the ceramic tile surface, especially in wet environment. The silver-titanium nanocomposite particles have an antibacterial effect which can kill more than 650 different types of bacteria and they are not harmful to the environment and the human body. The silver-titanium nanocomposite particles along with silver ions in the ceramic glaze, penetrate the cell walls of bacteria and microorganisms and prevent their growth and reproduction. These nanoparticles can be mixed with ceramic glaze as an additive.
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